Fot.: John Pawson
La Expresión Sencilla del Pensamiento Complejo
por John Pawson
Texto publicado en El Croquis - John Pawson. Volumen Integral
Cada vez que alguien comenta al ver mi casa que le parece muy bonita, pero se pregunta cómo soy capaz de vivir así, me quedo perplejo. En mi opinión el razonamiento debería seguir el orden inverso. La cuestión consiste en que ésa es nuestra forma de vivir, por lo que nuestra casa precisa ser así. La arquitectura es la expresión física de un modo de ser: la forma no está sujeta a una tendencia en concreto, sino que se adapta a un tipo de vida particular. La vida a la que se amolda el tipo de arquitectura que yo proyecto no es una que resulte adecuada a todo el mundo. Siento auténtica pasión por mi trabajo, pero mi intención no es la de ganar conversos. El único patrón universal sería el que un espacio resulte confortable y adecuado para las personas que lo usen. El minimalismo —o, como Donald Judd prefiere enunciarlo, la expresión sencilla de un pensamiento complejo— no es sino una respuesta válida de una sociedad plural a nivel estético que responde a las necesidades de individuos concretos y que incita al debate en el conjunto de la sociedad acerca de cómo elegimos vivir y cómo esperamos que la arquitectura respalde dichas elecciones.
Pienso que debemos abandonar la idea del minimalismo como estilo y, en lugar de ello, considerarlo una manera de pensar acerca del espacio —sus proporciones, superficies y el modo en que deja pasar la luz—. La visión tiene un carácter global, sin fisuras, una cualidad del espacio antes que de la forma, de los lugares y no de las cosas. De ahí que, en su expresión más plena y satisfactoria, no sea algo de lo que podamos adquirir fácilmente un fragmento. Es posible que un lavabo con una forma hemisférica perfecta, tallado a partir de un bloque sólido de mármol de Carrara, sea un objeto exquisito. Pero de manera aislada no es más que eso: un hermoso lavabo. Es la totalidad del entorno del que forma parte lo que tiene importancia. "Lo mínimo es lo máximo travestido", escribe Rem Koolhaas: un comentario incendiario a sabiendas, pero muy apropiado, creo yo, cuando la simplicidad se traduce burdamente en un efecto decorativo. El travestismo connota espectáculo. Por supuesto, siempre hay un lugar para el teatro, pero para una arquitectura de esta clase, éste no es el principio en el que se basa todo lo demás.
En mi opinión también es importante entender que el minimalismo no es un manifiesto que abogue por una vida espartana. Este recurrente malentendido surge en parte porque dicha corriente ha sido asociada con movimientos en los que la renuncia, de un tipo u otro, constituye un aspecto esencial. Es poco frecuente tener una discusión a propósito de la simplicidad arquitectónica que no incluya referencias al Budismo Zen, la orden Cisterciense o los Shakers. Uno puede responder a las expresiones estéticas de dichos movimientos y, de hecho, compartir muchas de las necesidades a las que éstos han tratado de dar respuesta, sin tener por ello que adoptar determinados códigos de comportamiento: uno puede desear tener un lugar para estar tranquilo, aunque no sea necesariamente para rezar en él.
El minimalismo no es la arquitectura de la abnegación, la privación o la ausencia: no viene definido por lo que falta, sino por el carácter acertado de lo que está presente y por la riqueza con la que se experimenta. He sido acusado de practicar un lujo a la inversa, pero ¿qué podría ser más sensual o táctil que una amplia extensión de piedra caliza color miel? No se trata, bajo ningún concepto, de plantear un equivalente arquitectónico de una vida de privaciones, sino de crear unos contextos idóneos para las cosas que importan en la vida, de reducir las capas superpuestas de apariencia y comportamiento a lo esencial: el esplendor no proviene del acto de desprenderse, sino de experimentar lo que queda. La vivencia profunda —y placentera— radica en la experiencia cotidiana: en el acto de darse una ducha o de preparar la comida.
La gente tiende a centrarse en la idea de la renuncia, como si, en cierto modo, se tratara sólo de deshacerse de los muebles y pintar las paredes de blanco. De este modo se pasa por alto el rigor del pensamiento que subyace a la propuesta. El verdadero confort no consiste en sofás de gran tamaño —según mi punto de vista, muchas de las cosas que en apariencia son confortables no lo son en absoluto—. Para mí el confort es sinónimo de un estado de total claridad donde el ojo, la mente y el cuerpo están cómodos, donde no hay nada que cree distracción o desentone. El hecho de poner énfasis en la calidad de la experiencia es importante. Algunas personas parecen pensar que la única función que el individuo tiene en semejantes espacios es la capacidad de contaminar. En el tipo de obra que me interesa ocurre precisamente lo contrario: el individuo siempre está en el centro.
Vivimos un periodo en rápida transformación, que alimentamos con nuestro ansia por poseer la última novedad. Lo novedoso como fin en sí mismo está sobrevalorado. En lugar del placer en sus formas más profundas, anhelamos la distracción. Vivimos agobiados por ideas acerca del futuro cuando, en realidad, intentamos que el presente nos parezca novedoso y atrayente. En la arquitectura esto se traduce en continuos programas de reformas. Lo cambiamos todo y nada. Si el motivo de nuestro interés por el futuro es el deseo de lograr un presente que nos satisfaga —en un plano físico, visual y psicológico— ¿acaso podemos desarrollar formas perpetuamente interesantes, que existan al margen de la influencia de la moda y del paso del tiempo? Esto es lo que, en mi opinión, la estética de la simplicidad, con su vasto y paradójico potencial de riqueza y sensualidad, ofrece. Al fin y al cabo, es posible que yo tenga algo de evangelista.
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